The book is a collection of essays on the philosophy of history. It interprets the evolution of Chinese history and culture in terms of xia (lit. “heroes”), Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. The first essay reviews the history of Chinese xia culture and analyzes its relevance to the times. The second essay systematically summarizes the experiences and thoughts of Chinese Buddhist thinkers during their westward adventure to acquire Buddhist sutras and eastward journey for preaching. The third essay explores the Confucianism concepts of avoiding/engaging in political and social affairs. The last essay analyzes the practice of idealism by Chinese Taoists. With a profound philosophical sense, the book demonstrates cultural changes embodied in the thoughts and practice of ancient Chinese thinkers.