This book reviews the academic development of Dunhuang music scores since the 1930s, while comprehensively examining the evolution of the medieval pipa, the development of notation systems, and the material relationships of Dunhuang dance scores. The scholarly contributions made by researchers from different periods in their respective domains fully demonstrate their scientific value, including some overturned views and many widespread disagreements. Even today, after the research boom has receded, a consensus has not been reached. However, by reconstructing the academic context and the complexity of derivative issues, these studies could provide a reference for future research. Therefore, the author refers to this book as a "study of studies." The book includes a large number of precious music scores and photos of musical instruments.